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Grades 7 & 8 Mathematics
This course covers the topics typically taught in Canadian Grade 7 and 8 Mathematics curricula and, in some instances, extends ideas beyond grade level. Letters are included beside the unit names to help group the units into similar themes.
For more information about the structure and general use of this courseware, see the Course Information unit.
Units
Representing and Comparing Numbers (N)
Part A (Lessons 1–7)
Topics include representing and comparing positive rational numbers (integers, fractions, and decimals), finding multiples and factors of positive integers, and determining the least common multiple (LCM) and the greatest common factor (GCF) of a pair of positive integers.
Part B (Lessons 8–12)
Topics include representing negative fractions and negative decimals, comparing the values of any two rational numbers, exponential notation, and using factor trees and prime factorizations to find the LCM or the GCF of a pair of positive integers.
Operations (N)
Part A (Lessons 1–11)
Topics include adding and subtracting rational numbers, multiplying and dividing a whole number by a positive rational number, and evaluating expressions using the order of operations.
Part B (Lessons 12–19)
Topics include multiplying, and dividing integers, fractions and decimal numbers, approximating square roots of positive integers, and evaluating expressions that include exponents using the order of operations.
Ratios, Rates, and Proportions (N)
Part A (Lessons 1–6)
Topics include writing and interpreting ratios; finding equivalent ratios; converting between fractions, decimals, and percents; increasing and decreasing by a percentage; converting between units of measurement; and solving problems involving unit rates.
Part B (Lessons 7–11)
Topics include recognizing proportional situations in word problems, tables and graphs; connecting unit relates to proportional relationships and their representations in tables, graphs and equations; and fractional percents and percents greater than 100 percent.
Bisectors and Properties of Shapes (G)
Part A (Lessons 1–6)
Topics include constructions of angle bisectors and perpendicular bisectors, and the various properties of triangles, quadrilaterals, and more general polygons. In particular, different polygons are classified based on their side lengths and angle measurements.
Part B (Lessons 7–10)
Topics include quadrilateral diagonals, circle terminology and construction, and applications of circles in the real-world.
Area, Volume, and Angles (G)
Part A (Lessons 1–5)
Topics include calculating the area of parallelograms, triangles, trapezoids, and composite shapes; calculating the surface area, volume, and capacity of prisms; and representing 3D objects in different ways.
Part B (Lessons 6–10)
Topics include calculating the circumference and area of circles; calculating the volume and surface area of cylinders; and properties of angles formed by intersecting lines including parallel lines and transversals.
Transformations of Shapes (G)
Part A (Lessons 1–7)
Topics include congruence of polygons, triangle congruence rules, plotting points on the Cartesian plane, the image of a polygon on the Cartesian plane under translations, reflections and/or rotations on the Cartesian plane, and tessellations.
Part B (Lessons 8–11)
Topics include similarity of polygons, triangle similarity rules, dilatations of polygons, and indirect measurements.
Representing Patterns (A)
Part A (Lessons 1–6)
Topics include representing sequences using tables, general terms and graphs, describing patterns using variables and expressions, extending sequences, and solving problems involving unknown quantities.
Part B (Lessons 7–11)
Topics include equivalent expressions for the general term of a sequence, describing relationships and patterns using equations, and decreasing and naturally occurring sequences.
We begin our discussion of patterning by examining number and image sequences. In this lesson, we focus on stating the pattern rule which describes how to generate the next term in a sequence.
This lesson explores the relationship between the term number and the term value, that is, the relationship between a term in a sequence and its position in that sequence. We then use the general term to find the value of a term in a sequence given its term number.
We continue to find the general term of sequences, with emphasis on how to use a variable to represent an unknown quantity. This lesson concludes with a discussion on substitution, where we evaluate expressions by substituting a number for a variable in the general term.
In this lesson, we encounter sequences that have a different type of relationship than what we have previously seen. You will continue to practise finding the general term of a sequence, concluding the lesson with some application problems.
In this lesson, we explore how to represent a sequence graphically. With a sequence represented on a graph, we then use the graph to determine the term number that corresponds to a given term in the sequence. Finally, you will practise how to find the general term of a sequence given its graph.
In this lesson, we connect the different sequences that we have studied so far. We continue using tables, graphs, and general terms to study the patterns that sequences represent.
In this lesson, we review how to represent a sequence using a table, a general term, or a graph. Emphasis is put on determining which of these three representations is most appropriate in a particular problem-solving situation.
In this lesson, we analyze different patterns that generate the same sequence of numbers. We generate various expressions to represent the different interpretations of a pattern, and learn how to determine whether two expressions are equivalent.
In this lesson, we learn the difference between an expression and an equation, and explore how each can be used when describing patterns. In particular, we use expressions for the general term of a sequence to form equations to represent relationships in sequences.
In this lesson, we define and explore decreasing sequences. You are challenged to consider how strategies for finding the general terms of increasing sequences can be used to write an equation representing a decreasing sequence. We also examine how some sequences of numbers that arise from physical situations cannot continue forever due to real-world boundaries.
In this lesson, we look beyond the typical sequences discussed in this unit and explore more naturally occurring sequences. The examples focus on popular puzzles and real-life growth and depreciation scenarios. We conclude by discussing, through an example, how apparent patterns can sometimes be deceiving.
Equations and the Pythagorean Theorem (A)
Part A (Lessons 1–7)
Topics include using variables in expressions, equations, and inequalities, identifying and exploring linear relationships, solving equations and inequalities by inspection, trial and error, and using visual models, and simplifying expressions by collecting like terms.
Part B (Lessons 8-15)
Topics include solving equations and inequalities using algebraic techniques, comparing the differences between evaluating an expression and solving an equation, exploring equations with multiple variables, and the Pythagorean Theorem.
Data Collection and Graphs (D)
Part A (Lessons 1–5)
Topics include different types of data; population, sample and census; bias in data collection arising from question wording, accepted answers and choice of sample group; frequency and relative frequency tables and graphs; reading and creating circle graphs; choosing an appropriate graph type for a data set; bias in data representation arising from the chosen graph type, graph structure and shape, and axis labels and scales.
Part B (Lessons 6–9)
Topics include organizing continuous data into stem-and-leaf plots and frequency tables with intervals; as well as creating and reading histograms, and scatter plots.
Data Analysis (D)
Part A (Lessons 1–4)
Topics include determining the mean, median, and mode of data sets; studying the effects of adding data to a data set or removing data from a data set; exploring the effect of outliers on the mean, median, and mode; and practising drawing conclusions and making predictions from data in graphs.
Part B (Lessons 5–8)
Topics include interpreting data, histograms, and scatter plots and drawing conclusions from these graphs; describing relationships between the two variables in a scatter plot; estimating rates of change associated with scatter plots; making predictions supported by the data in histograms and scatter plots; and using appropriate measures of central tendency to compare two data sets.
Probability (D)
Part A (Lessons 1–4)
Topics include random experiments, outcomes, and events; calculating theoretical probabilities of single events; comparing probabilities of different events; independent events; experimental probability; and using probabilities to make predictions.
Part B (Lessons 5–8)
Topics include comparing theoretical probabilities and experimental probabilities; exploring how the number of trials impacts probability estimates; complementary events; setting up and running simulations using probability models; and revisiting independent events.